Yenziwa njani ilitye lentloko leGranite

Ilitye lentloko

Imvelaphi

Amatye entloko aziwa ngamagama amaninzi awohlukeneyo, njengamatye esikhumbuzo, iimpawu zamangcwaba, amatye engcwaba, kunye namatye engcwaba.Konke oku kusebenza kumsebenzi wamatye entloko;isikhumbuzo kunye nenkumbulo yomfi.Amatye eentloko ayesenziwa kuqala ngamatye asendle okanye ngamaplanga.Kwezinye iindawo, amatye (abizwa ngokuba “ngamatye engcuka”) ayebekwa phezu komzimba ukuze kuthintelwe izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ukuba zingaveli ingcwaba elingekho nzulu.

Imbali

Abaphengululi be-Archaeologists bafumene amangcwaba e-Neanderthal abuyele kwiminyaka eyi-20,000-75,000.Imizimba ifunyenwe kwimiqolomba enemfumba enkulu yamatye okanye amatye agqume imingxuma.Kucingelwa ukuba ezi ndawo zamangcwaba zazenzekela.Abangxwelerhekileyo okanye abafayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba babeshiywe ngasemva ukuze baphile, yaye amatye okanye amatye ayetyhalelwa phambi komqolomba ukuze bakhuseleke kwizilwanyana zasendle.Umqolomba waseSharindar eIraq wawulikhaya leentsalela zomntu (malunga nama-50,000 BC) neentyatyambo ezithe saa emzimbeni.

Ezinye iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokungcwaba ziye zaveliswa njengoko ixesha lihamba.AmaTshayina ayengawokuqala ukusebenzisa iibhokisi zokuqulatha abafileyo bawo kangangexesha elithile malunga ne-30,000 BC Ukuzidumbula kunye nokuqholwa kwasetyenziswa malunga ne-3200 BC ukugcina imizimba yoofaro baseYiputa ukuze baphile emva kokufa.Iifaro zaziza kufakwa kwi-sarcophagus kwaye zifakwe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emele abakhonzi babo kunye nabacebisi abathembekileyo, kunye negolide kunye nobunewunewu ukuqinisekisa ukwamkelwa kwabo kwihlabathi elingaphaya.Abanye ookumkani babefuna ukuba bahambe nabo ekufeni abakhonzi babo kunye nabacebisi babo, baze abakhonzi nabacebisi babulawe, babekwe engcwabeni.Ukutshiswa kwesidumbu, okwaqala kwangelo xesha linye nokutshiswa kwezidumbu, kwakukwayindlela edumileyo yokulahla abafileyo.Namhlanje i-akhawunti ye-26% yeendlela zokulahla e-United States kunye ne-45% eCanada.

Njengoko iinkonzo zazikhula, ukutshiswa kwezidumbu kwajongelwa phantsi.Iinkonzo ezininzi zade zakuvala ukutshiswa kwesidumbu, zisithi oku kusikhumbuza izithethe zabahedeni.Ukungcwatywa kwakuyeyona ndlela ithandwayo, yaye maxa wambi abafi babebekwa phandle kangangeentsuku ezininzi emakhayeni abo ukuze abantu banike imbeko yabo.Ngomnyaka we-1348, isibetho sahlasela iYurophu kwaye sanyanzela abantu ukuba bangcwabe abafileyo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kude nezixeko.Ezi zithethe zokufa nezokungcwaba zaqhubeka de amangcwaba aphuphuma kwaye, ngenxa yamangcwaba amaninzi angekho nzulu, aqhubeka esasaza izifo.Ngo-1665, iPalamente yamaNgesi yawisa isigwebo sokuba kwenziwe imingcwabo emincinci kuphela kwaye ubunzulu bamangcwaba benziwa ukuba bume kwi-6 ft (1.8 m).Oku kwakunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo, kodwa amangcwaba amaninzi aqhubeka ephuphuma.

Amangcwaba okuqala afana nalawo abonwayo namhlanje, asekwa eParis ngo-1804 kwaye abizwa ngokuba "yigadi" yamangcwaba.IPèere-Lachaise likhaya lamagama amaninzi adumileyo anjengoOscar Wilde, uFrederick Chopin, noJim Morrison.Kula mangcwaba egadi apho ilitye lesikhumbuzo kunye nezikhumbuzo zaba yimisebenzi entsonkothileyo.Ubume bomntu ekuhlaleni bumisela ubungakanani nobugcisa besikhumbuzo.Izikhumbuzo zamandulo zazibonisa imiboniso eyoyikekayo enamathambo needemon ukufaka uloyiko lobomi basemva kokufa kwabaphilayo.Ethubeni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, amatye entloko avela ethanda imiboniso enoxolo, efana neekherubhi kunye neengelosi ezikhokelela umfi phezulu.IUnited States yaseka amangcwaba ayo asemaphandleni, iMount Auburn Cemetery eCambridge, Massachusetts, ngo-1831.

Iimpahla ezingekasilwa

Amatye entloko okuqala ayenziwe ngesileyiti, awayefumaneka ekuhlaleni ekuqaleni kweNew England.Izinto ezilandelayo ezaziza kuduma yayilibhastile, kodwa emva kwexesha ibhastile laliza kuguguleka kwaye amagama kunye neenkcukacha zomfi zazingenakuchazwa.Ngo-1850, igranite yaba yeyona nto ithandwayo yelitye lesiseko ngenxa yokomelela kunye nokufikeleleka kwayo.Kwizikhumbuzo zanamhlanje igranite yeyona nto isetyenziswayo.

Igranite lilitye elivutha umlilo elihlanganiswe ikakhulu yiquartz, feldspar, kunye neplagioclase feldspar kunye namanye amasuntswana amancinci eminerali exutywe.Eli litye lenziwe nge-magma (izinto ezinyibilikayo) ezipholiswa kancinane.Imagma epholileyo ivunjululwa ngokutshintsha komhlaba nokukhukuliseka komhlaba.

Yila

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza i-headstone ibe yeyakho.Ii-epitaphs zisusela kwizicatshulwa zezibhalo ukuya kwiingxelo ezingacacanga nezihlekisayo.Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ehamba nayo inokukrolwa, ibekwe phezu kwayo, okanye ecaleni kwelitye.Ubukhulu kunye nokumila kwamatye eentloko nako kuyahluka.Ngokuqhelekileyo, onke amatye aphuculwe ngomatshini kwaye akrolwe, emva koko acaciswe kakuhle ngesandla.

Imveliso
Inkqubo

1. Isinyathelo sokuqala kukukhetha uhlobo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-marble okanye igranite) kunye nombala welitye.Ibhloko yegranite ke ngoko isikwa kwilitye eliphantsi.Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokwenza oku.Indlela yokuqala kukugrumba.Le ndlela isebenzisa i-pneumatic drill ebhoboza imingxuma emi nkqo e-1 kwi-(2.54 cm) ukuqelelana kunye ne-20 ft (6.1 m) nzulu kwi-granite.Emva koko abembi benkwali basebenzisa iintsimbi ezi-4 (10.1 cm) ezinde ezinamazinyo entsimbi ukuze basikwe kumbindi welitye.

Ukugqobhoza iijethi kukhawuleza kakhulu kunokwemba, malunga nokuphindwe kasixhenxe.Ngale ndlela, i-16 ft (4.9 m) inokugrunjwa ngeyure enye.Inkqubo isebenzisa i-rocket motor ene-shaft yentsimbi engenanto ukukhupha umxube wamafutha e-hydrocarbon ecinezelekileyo kunye nomoya ngendlela ye-2,800 ° F (1,537.8 ° C) yedangatye.Eli dangatye lisiphinda kahlanu isantya sesandi kwaye linqumla isi-4 kwi (10.2 cm) lingene kwigranite.

Indlela yesithathu yeyona ndlela isebenzayo, ezolileyo, kwaye ayivelisi phantse inkunkuma.Ukugqobhoza ijethi yamanzi kusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi ukusika igraniti.Kukho iinkqubo ezimbini zokugqobhoza ijethi yamanzi, uxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu.Zomibini zikhupha imijelo yamanzi amabini, kodwa imifudlana yenkqubo yoxinzelelo oluphantsi iphantsi kwe-1,400-1,800 psi, kwaye imijelo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu iphantsi kwe-40,000 psi.Amanzi avela kwiijethi aphinda asetyenziswe, kwaye indlela inciphisa iimpazamo kunye nezinto ezichithwayo.

1. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukususa ibhloko kwibhedi yekwari.Abasebenzi bathatha i-pneumatic drills ezinkulu ezifakwe kwi-1.5-1.88 kwi-(3.81-4.78 cm) iibhithi zetsimbi ezifakwe kwi-carbide kwaye ziqhube ngokuthe tye kwibhloko yegranite.Emva koko babeka imirhumo yokuqhushumba esongelwe ngamaphepha kwimingxuma.Nje ukuba iintlawulo zibekwe, ibhloko yenza ikhefu elicocekileyo ukusuka kwelinye ilitye.
2. Iibhloko zeGranite zikholisa ukuba malunga ne-3 ft (0.9 m) ububanzi, 3 ft (0.9 m) ukuphakama, kunye ne-10 ft (3 m) ubude, ubunzima malunga ne-20,250 lb (9,185 kg).Abasebenzi banxibelelanisa intambo ejikeleze ibhloko okanye babhoboze amagwegwe kuwo nakweliphi na icala kwaye bancamathele intambo kwiihuku.Ngazo zombini iindlela intambo idityaniswe kwiderrick enkulu ephakamisa ibhloko yegranite phezulu kwaye kwilori ene-flatbed eyihambisa kumenzi wamatye entloko.Iikwari zikholisa ukuba ngabanini ngokuzimeleyo kwaye zithengise igranite kubavelisi, kodwa kukho iinkampani ezinkulu eziphethe iikwari.
3. Emva kokufika kwindlu yokuvelisa, ii-slabs zegranite zithululwa kwibhanti yokuhambisa apho zisikwa zibe ngamacwecwe amancinci.I-slabs ngokubanzi ziyi-6, 8, 10, okanye i-12 kwi-(15.2, 20.3, 25, kunye ne-30.4 cm, ngokulandelanayo) ubukhulu.Eli nyathelo lenziwa ngesarha yedayimani ejikelezayo.Isarha ixhotyiswe ngencakuba yedayimane yentsimbi eyi-5 (1.5 m) okanye i-11.6 ft (3.54 m).Iblade idla ngokuba malunga ne-140-160 yamacandelo edayimani yoshishino kwaye inamandla okusika umndilili we-23-25 ​​ft.²(2.1-2.3 m²) iyure.
4. Amacwecwe asikiweyo agqithiswa phantsi kwenani elihlukeneyo leentloko ezijikelezayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ezisibhozo ukuya kwi-13) kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo egrit ecwangcisiweyo.

Ukwenziwa kwelitye lentloko.

ukusuka kwelona lirhabaxa ukuya kwelona lincinci.Iintloko ezimbalwa zokuqala zinegrit yedayimane erhabaxa, iintloko ezisembindini zezokuhona, kwaye iintloko ezimbalwa zokugqibela zixhotyiswe ngeepads ezizivalwayo.Ezi pads zinamanzi kunye ne-aluminiyam okanye i-tin oxide engumgubo kuzo ukupolisha ilitye ukuya kugqitywa ngokugudileyo, nokukhazimla.

1. Icwecwe elikhazimlisiweyo lize lihanjiswe ecaleni kwebhanti lokuhambisa ukuya kwi-hydraulic breaker.I-breaker ixhotyiswe ngamazinyo e-carbide asebenza ngokusondeleyo kwi-5,000 psi yoxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic kwi-slab ye-granite, eyenza ukusika ngokuthe nkqo ngelitye.
2. Ilitye elisikiweyo ke lenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo.Oku kunokwenziwa ngesandla ngetshizi kunye nehamile, okanye ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ngesarha yedayimane enamacala amaninzi.Lo matshini unokusetwa ukuba ubambe ukuya kuthi ga kwiincakuba ezingama-30, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ulayishwa kuphela ezisibhozo okanye ezilithoba.Ixhotyiswe ngamacangci alithoba, le sarha yedayimani enamacala amaninzi inokusika i-27 ft²(2.5 m²) iyure.
3. Umphezulu welitye uphinde ukhazimliswe kwakhona.Kwinkqubo ezenzekelayo kakhulu, iziqwenga ezingama-64 zinokulungiswa ngexesha.
4. Imiphetho ethe nkqo igudiswa ngumatshini wokupholisha ozenzekelayo, ngokufana nentsimbi yomphezulu.Lo matshini ukhetha eyona ntloko ibuhlungu kwaye isebenze ngaphaya kwemida ethe nkqo yelitye.Umatshini ke usebenza ngendlela yawo kwezinye iigrits de imiphetho impuluswa.
5. Imiphetho yeradial iphantsi kwaye ipolishwe ngaxeshanye kusetyenziswa amagubu amabini okusila idayimane.Enye inedayimane erhabaxa, kwaye eyesibini inegrit ecolekileyo.Iincam zeradial zelitye ziye zikhazimliswe.
6. Ukuba kufuneka iimilo zelitye ezintsonkothileyo, ilitye elikhazimlisiweyo lisiwa kwisarha yocingo lwedayimani.Umsebenzisi ulungelelanisa isarha kwaye uqalise inkqubo, esebenzisa isoftware yekhompyuter ukuchola iimilo kwilitye lentloko.Nakuphi na ukukrolwa okucolekileyo okanye iinkcukacha zigqitywe ngesandla.
7. Ilitye lentloko ke lilungele ukugqitywa.I-Rock Pitching ibandakanya ukukrazula imiphetho yangaphandle yelitye ngesandla, kunika ukucaciswa ngakumbi, ukumila komntu.
8. Ekubeni ngoku ilitye lentloko likhazimlisiwe ngokuthi O laza lamiliselwa, lixesha lokukrolwa.I-Sandblasting isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Iglu yolwelo isetyenziswa kwilitye lentloko.I-stencil yerabha isetyenziswe phezu kweglue kwaye emva koko ihlanganiswe ne-carbon-backed layout yoyilo.Ikhabhoni idlulisela uyilo olulungiselelwe ngumdwebi, kwi-stencil yerabha.Umsebenzi ke usika oonobumba kunye neempawu zoyilo ezifunwayo etyeni, ezibeka esichengeni sokuqhunyiswa kwesanti.Ukuqhunyiswa kwesanti kwenziwa ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo.Nayiphi na indlela yenziwa kwindawo evalelweyo ngenxa yeengozi zenkqubo.Umsebenzi ugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ukuze akhuselwe kwiinkozo ezibonakaliswe kwilitye.Ikhosi yokusika i-abrasive isetyenziswe ngamandla e-100 psi.Abaqokeleli bothuli baqokelela kwaye bagcine uthuli ukuze lusetyenziswe kwakhona.
9. Ilitye ke lifafazwe ngomphunga woxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuze lisuse nayiphi na i-stencil eseleyo okanye iglu.Iphinde iphuculwe kwaye ihlolwe ngokusondeleyo, emva koko ifakwe kwi-cellophane okanye iphepha elinzima ukukhusela ukugqiba.Iphakheji ifakwa kwiikhreyithi kwaye ithunyelwe kumthengi okanye umlawuli womngcwabo.

Ulawulo lwemeko

Ulawulo lomgangatho lunyanzeliswa ngamandla kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa.Icwecwe ngalinye legranite erhabaxa liyajongwa ukuba liyahambelana na umbala.Emva kwenyathelo ngalinye lokupholisha, ilitye lentloko lijongwa ukuba alinaziphene.Kwisibonakaliso sokuqala se-chip okanye i-scratch, ilitye lisuswa kumgca.

Iimveliso / iNkunkuma

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokusika esetyenziswe kwi-quarry, inkunkuma iyahluka.Ukugrumba yeyona ndlela incinci yokwembiwa, nto leyo evelisa eyona nkunkuma ininzi.Indlela yejethi yamanzi ivelisa ubuncinci bongcoliseko lwengxolo kunye nothuli.Ikwawonga amafutha ngakumbi kunezinye iinkqubo, kwaye yenza ukuba amanzi aphinde asetyenziswe.Kwisanti yokuqhushumba kukho inkunkuma encinci njengoko amasuntswana esanti eqokelelwa kwaye aphinde asetyenziswe kwakhona.Nawaphi na amatye egranite aneziphene asuka kumenzi athengiselwa ezinye iinkampani zokuvelisa okanye athunyelwe phesheya kolwandle.Amanye amatye angekho mgangathweni ayalahlwa.

Ngelixa elizayo

Zininzi iindlela ezintsha ezisebenzisa isoftware yokusungula ukuyila kumatye entloko.I-Laser etching luphuhliso oluzayo oluvumela ukuba imifanekiso kunye noyilo oluntsonkothileyo lubekwe kwilitye lentloko kusetyenziswa umqadi welaser.Ubushushu obuvela kwi-laser bukhupha iikristale kumphezulu wegranite, okukhokelela kwi-etching ephakamileyo, enombala okhanyayo.

Ukuncipha kwegranite akubonakali kwixesha elizayo elingekude.Njengoko kusembiwa iikwari, izixhobo ezintsha ziyaphuhla.Kukho imigaqo emininzi enciphisa ubungakanani begranite enokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngexesha.Iindlela ezizezinye zokulahla abafileyo nazo zizinto ezinokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwamatye eentloko.